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Homelessness, United States Interagency Council on. Improve Effectiveness of Homelessness Response Systems. https://www.usich.gov/federal-strategic-plan/improve-effectiveness-homelessness-response-systems. Accessed 13 Feb. 2025.

https://www.usich.gov/federal-strategic-plan/improve-effectiveness-homelessness-response-systems

DMU Timestamp: February 05, 2025 02:50

All In serves as a roadmap for federal action to ensure state and local communities have sufficient resources and guidance to build the effective, lasting systems required to end homelessness. While it is a federal plan, local communities can use it to collaboratively develop local and systems-level plans for preventing and ending homelessness. This plan creates an initial framework for meeting the ambitious goal of reducing overall homelessness by 25% by 2025 and sets the United States on a path to end homelessness.

This plan is built around six pillars: three foundations—equity, evidence, and collaboration—and three solutions—housing and supports, homelessness response, and prevention—all of which are required to prevent and end homelessness. Within each pillar of foundations and solutions are strategies that the federal government will pursue to facilitate increased access to housing, economic security, health, and stability. Some agency commitments, cross-government initiatives, and efforts are already underway and are highlighted throughout.

Upon release of this plan, USICH will immediately begin to develop implementation plans that will identify specific actions, milestones, and metrics for operationalizing the strategies in close partnership with its member agencies and other stakeholders representing a broad range of groups and perspectives, including people with lived experience. For more on this, please view the Framework for Implementation.

Strategies to Improve Effectiveness of Homelessness Response Systems

A community’s response to homelessness must be urgent and focused. The homelessness response system is typically coordinated by the local or regional CoCs. An effective homeless response system should include outreach to unsheltered people, coordinated entry, targeted homelessness prevention and diversion, emergency shelter, permanent housing including rapid rehousing, and wraparound services during and after homelessness.

Strategy 1: Spearhead an all-of-government effort to end unsheltered homelessness.

Unsheltered homelessness—and laws that criminalize it—have been rising, especially in places where the cost of housing has rapidly increased. In 2020, 4 in 10 people experiencing homelessness on a given night were in unsheltered locations, and more than half of the unsheltered population lives in the nation’s 50 largest cities. This unprecedented rise in unsheltered homelessness—including visible encampments—is a direct result of a lack of accessible and low-barrier shelter options, insufficient supply of affordable housing, and voluntary service and support options. Deploying effective programs to meet their diverse needs takes unwavering commitment and unyielding creativity.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Review requirements for federal programs that fund or support access to basic sanitation supplies and resources, health care services (including services for mental health conditions and/or substance use disorders), and other supports and resources that specifically impact areas where unsheltered people reside to identify barriers to program implementation.
USICH member agencies that own federal land will promote strong collaboration with local organizations in response to encampments that form on federal property.
Deploy targeted funding and technical assistance that fosters collaboration between entities that include outreach, housing navigation, aging and disability network organizations, public health, emergency response, law enforcement, health centers and hospitals, and mental health crisis intervention teams.
Provide guidance and technical assistance on promising and best practices related to encampments, effective street outreach, and harm reduction approaches.
Spotlight program flexibilities that allow states to take immediate action during emergencies and allow for post-emergency federal approval (with justification) for non-statutory-related requirements, especially housing costs.
Promote alternatives to criminalization and provide incentives to state, local, and territorial governments to adopt such alternatives.
Identify strategies for housing-focused outreach that connect people to accessible permanent housing, including rapid rehousing; permanent supportive housing; and affordable and market rent housing, when appropriate.
Incentivize, strengthen, and expand opportunities for people with lived experience to serve as outreach workers and service providers through programs like Peer Recovery Support, Community Health Workers, and Medicaid HCBS.

Body

Strategy 2: Evaluate coordinated entry and provide tools and guidance on effective assessment processes that center equity, remove barriers, streamline access, and divert people from homelessness.

One key purpose of coordinated entry is to create more fair and standardized processes for access, assessment, and referral. But upon implementation, an overreliance on scores generated by assessment tools and a reliance on “matching” households to a specific resource has often resulted in long waiting lists, rationing of assistance, and exacerbated disparities.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Collaborate with people with lived experience as well as a range of service providers inside and outside the homeless response system.
Review and revise federal policies and programs related to coordinated entry to identify inherent challenges that create barriers.
Commission a multi-community study to evaluate coordinated-entry implementation and recommend federal policy changes to remove barriers and improve process effectiveness.
Create a new overarching framework for effective coordinated entry using a targeted universalism approach that is inclusive of all key populations, access points, programs, and systems serving people experiencing homelessness and which allows for local flexibility and tailoring based on the needs and resources within the specific community.
Highlight communities adopting a spectrum of assessment activities that center equity in prioritization, trauma-informed data collection, and offer solutions that tailor assistance based on what clients need.
Provide guidance, tools, and TA in partnership with people with lived experience and service providers on coordinated-entry system design, assessment processes, and performance measurement that is inclusive of addressing specific needs and goals of different key populations.
Identify ways to test different approaches to assessment and prioritization—including the use of health and other administrative data—and share outcomes and lessons learned.

Strategy 3: Increase availability of and access to emergency shelter—especially non-congregate shelter—and other temporary accommodations.

Emergency shelter—both congregate and non-congregate—serves a temporary and life-saving role for people in crisis and should be implemented with as few barriers as possible. The key components to effective emergency shelter include culturally appropriate, gender-affirming, and specific, low-barrier access and housing-focused services aimed at rapid exits back to permanent housing.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Fully implement the Equal Access Rule to reduce barriers for LGBTQI+ people.
Increase the availability of and access to medical respite care to meet the needs of people who need recuperative care after hospital discharge.
Increase the availability of and access to low-barrier, and culturally appropriate shelter, especially non-congregate shelter.
Provide guidance, technical assistance, and training related to the Americans with Disabilities Act and all applicable federal fair housing laws to ensure compliance and that shelters meet the disability-related needs of people with disabilities, including those with mobility-based disabilities.
In alignment with the 2022 National Drug Control Strategy, promote the integration of high-impact harm reduction interventions within emergency shelter.
Provide guidance on emergency shelter that defines the role of emergency accommodations, the connection to the larger system, the need to incorporate non-congregate shelter options, bridge housing, and strategies for downsizing shelter over time.
Provide guidance, technical assistance, and training for emergency shelter operators, including faith-based; family-focused; youth-focused; and domestic violence shelters on (1) evaluating and updating shelter rules, structure, and operations to a low-barrier model that is more accessible and supportive of the needs of people and (2) providing housing-focused services and integrating health care and supportive services into the provision of non-congregate shelter. For families with children, this should also include resources to address the health and developmental needs of children and to improve the environmental conditions while children are living at a shelter.

Strategy 4: Solidify the relationship between CoCs, public health agencies, and emergency management agencies to improve coordination when future public health emergencies and natural disasters arise.

The pandemic and the increase in natural disasters have demonstrated that most communities do not have adequate resources to address the needs of people experiencing homelessness during disasters. Given the multi-faceted needs of people, homelessness response systems should empower all partners—housing and non-housing—to screen, assess, and make referrals to housing systems that can quickly act and provide follow-up support.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Encourage CoCs, especially in rural and tribal areas, to have an inclusive community crisis response plan in the event of an emergency or a local surge in the need for shelter and/or housing placements.
Enhance and expand technical assistance and training on disaster response and recovery planning for homelessness systems with special attention to the disparate impact to already unhoused people.
Facilitate greater collaboration between federal partners that play a key role on disaster and public health response—including HUD, HHS, and DHS—and national emergency management associations and trade groups—including the National Emergency Management Association, International Association of Emergency Managers, and Association of Healthcare Emergency Preparedness Professionals.
Continue to encourage state emergency management agencies to include people experiencing homelessness in their disaster response and emergency management protocols with attention to particularly vulnerable populations such as older adults and people with disabilities who are experiencing homelessness. Share resources with cities and counties on how to create multi-system coalitions that partner with local public health agencies to drive down homelessness and reduce barriers to permanent supportive housing.
Increase collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency to focus on better understanding how climate change will exacerbate the condition of homelessness.

Strategy 5: Expand the use of “housing problem-solving” approaches for diversion and rapid exit.

Housing problem-solving (HPS) is a set of techniques that support the effective implementation of diversion and rapid exit strategies and should be integrated into all homelessness response and coordinated entry systems. HPS is a person-centered approach that seeks to identify flexible and cost-effective alternative housing solutions that can be implemented quickly. HPS is typically initiated through an exploratory conversation that can occur during street outreach, emergency shelter intake, or coordinated-entry access. HPS can increase equity, reduce trauma, and support community efforts to end homelessness while ensuring housing assistance is prioritized for the people with the highest needs.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Identify federal programs that can be used and adapted to support community efforts to integrate housing-problem solving into homelessness response systems, ensuring accessibility to all populations.
Encourage partners—such as law enforcement, early childhood settings and schools, employment training centers, and hospitals—to adopt housing problem-solving that is inclusive in its approach.
Provide guidance, training, and technical assistance on housing problem-solving, providing accommodations, and associated practices, such as motivational interviewing and mediation to homeless services providers as well as other community partners such as law enforcement, schools, employment training centers, and hospitals.

Strategy 6: Remove and reduce programmatic, regulatory, and other barriers that systematically delay or deny access to housing for households with the highest needs.

Complicated eligibility and documentation requirements can significantly delay the process of getting someone off the streets and into housing. The federal government should ensure that programs “fit” people experiencing homelessness and do not require people experiencing homelessness to “fit” into programs.

To accomplish this strategy, USICH and relevant member agencies will:

Examine ways to ease eligibility and documentation requirements for specific subpopulations, such as people who are chronically homeless.
Consider strategies that would streamline eligibility and access processes such as “categorical eligibility”, which would allow people to qualify for multiple programs at once without duplicative processes and “conditional eligibility,” which would allow immediate entry into housing with a grace period for required documentation.
Provide more training and guidance on fidelity to Housing First and promote examples of successful implementation.
Review all programs targeted to people at risk of or experiencing homelessness and remove barriers to implementing Housing First approaches with fidelity.

DMU Timestamp: February 05, 2025 02:50

Too often, people without a permanent home fall off the edge of the recorded world. They don’t appear on official registers, in census declarations or in social security records. This compounds the homelessness problem in two distinct but connected ways: it makes it impossible to say how many people are homeless and it creates further difficulties in trying to come up with solutions.

But a number of innovative approaches to homelessness are creating both short-term and long-term solutions.

London calling

The UK capital is one of the world’s most-visited cities – and the red double-decker bus is an iconic, must-see sight. But strict emissions regulations have pushed many of the older buses off the road and into retirement.

Now, a social enterprise called Buses4Homeless is converting some of those decommissioned vehicles into accommodation, classrooms, diners and health centres.

The buses' sleep pods are equipped with power, lighting and blackout curtains.Image: Buses4Homeless

One bus can provide shelter for 16 people, who are also given vocational and life-skills training. Their health and wellbeing are also looked after while they’re under the care of the charity.

Finding work and being able to earn enough money to afford somewhere to live are obviously important for people trying to break out of the cycle of homelessness. Elsewhere in London, coffee is helping do just that.

Example of Change Please Coffee van

Change Please coffee vans can be found at locations and events around London. Image: Change Please

An organization called Change Please is training homeless people to become baristas and work in its fleet of mobile coffee stores. Founder Cemal Ezel says, “If we can just get a small proportion of coffee drinkers to simply change where they buy their coffee, we could really change the world."

In Delhi, the charity Aashray Adhikar Abhiyan trained 20 homeless people to repair mobile phones. Almost half of those who completed the course went on to either find work or start their own businesses. The organization plans to run the course again next year.

A combination of challenges

UK charity Crisis lists the following as some of the common causes of homelessness:

A lack of affordable housing
Poverty and unemployment
Leaving prison, care or the armed forces with no stable home to go to
Escape from a violent relationship or abusive childhood home
Relationship breakdown
Mental or physical health problems
Substance misuse and other addictive behaviours

This means there is no one-size-fits-all solution, and the solution one person’s problems might only offer temporary respite for another.

Addressing the symptomatic problems of homelessness can be beneficial, but it won’t automatically fix the root cause of an individual’s circumstances.

For someone struggling with poor mental health or substance abuse, for example, it can be practically impossible to meet the commitments of training and employment.

These people can find themselves outside of possible routes to help, too, with some shelters and hostels not accepting people who have not dealt with their addictions.

Collaborate to eliminate

The US-based non-profit Community Solutions believes it may have an answer, though.

Across the United States, more than half a million people are homeless. Most of them are sleeping in shelters and transient accommodation.

Estimated number of homeless people in the US, by shelter statusImage: Our World in Data

As Community Solutions says, “No single actor is fully accountable for ending homelessness in a community. Each local agency or programme holds its own small piece of the solution, but no one has their eye on how the pieces fit together.”

Therein lies the explanation for the intractability of homelessness. Operating in isolation from one another, even the most effective and well-intentioned of support services can fail to see the bigger picture.

By connecting all the different agencies and organizations that interact with homeless people, Community Solutions’ president Rosanne Haggerty believes homelessness can be eliminated altogether.

"Imagine a world where homelessness is rare, brief when it happens, and really gets fixed for those people to whom it happens – the first time,” she says.

In Abilene, Texas, they can do more than just imagine. They can see the results. Following the Built for Zero programme championed by Community Solutions, the Abilene authorities set the goal of zero homelessness.

Their first target was the homeless veterans’ community, which has now been completely eradicated by moving everyone into a home of their own.

A similar philosophy has been adopted in the Finnish capital, Helsinki. Rather than offer housing only to people who have taken steps to fix some of their everyday problems, such as substance abuse, the authorities now follow a homes-first approach.

An artist’s impression of planned new Y Foundation housing.Image: Y Foundation

Finland is the only EU country where homelessness is in decline. And it started by scrapping hostels and shelters that had been providing short-term respite for homeless people.

“It was clear to everyone the old system wasn’t working; we needed radical change,” says Juha Kaakinen, who runs an organization called Y-Foundation, which helps deliver supported and affordable housing.

DISCOVER

How is the World Economic Forum supporting the development of cities and communities globally?

“We decided to make the housing unconditional,” he says. “To say, look, you don’t need to solve your problems before you get a home. Instead, a home should be the secure foundation that makes it easier to solve your problems.”

https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/12/how-to-solve-homelessness-poverty-cities-urbanization/

Homelessness, United States Interagency Council on. Improve Effectiveness of Homelessness Response Systems. https://www.usich.gov/federal-strategic-plan/improve-effectiveness-homelessness-response-systems. Accessed 13 Feb. 2025.

DMU Timestamp: February 26, 2025 22:37

We can solve the homeless crisis. Here’s how.

(LOS ANGELES) (JULY 2, 2021) Dr. Michele Nealon, president of The Chicago School, says the only way we can solve the nation’s homeless crisis is through a highly concentrated and coordinated effort involving public and private sectors. This process is already helping a variety of communities start to manage the crisis but Dr. Nealon, who is a licensed clinical psychologist, says this effort must be sustained and must be replicated across the country.

“People become homeless for many reasons and those reasons are usually beyond their control. Psychology, healthcare and policy professionals can work together to stop the vicious cycles of economic inequality, systemic racism, soaring real estate costs, substance abuse, and domestic violence that have left so many people marginalized from society and unable to find a way back,” Dr. Nealon explains.

The United States now has more than half a million homeless people, and unless federal dollars are put into housing subsidies for people who will face eviction after losing their income during the pandemic, homelessness is projected to grow by 50% or more this year.

“No matter the cause of homelessness, there must be a support structure in place that helps people lift themselves out of it. That means a coordinated effort across many public agencies and privately funded organizations. It means channeling money into more preventative measures, more investments in programs that take into account psychological concerns and produce social returns, and more expansions to the national level, of practices that have worked at the local level.”

Drawing on her experience as well as interviews with people who have experienced and who are experiencing homelessness, caseworkers, and advocates for the homeless, Dr. Nealon is in the process of writing Home for Good: How America can and must solve the homeless crisis before it’s too late. The book offers a blueprint of policies, therapies, and practices that work.

She emphasizes that the solution is more than just creating enough affordable housing. “Living without a permanent roof causes stresses on the body and mind, so that many need rehabilitation before they can function in a job or a home. Society, too, suffers both economically and psychologically. By creating a system around the premise that housing is a basic right and therefore includes social justice measures, safety nets, health care, and treatment for mental illness and addiction, we can end the crisis.”

For resources on mental and behavioral health, go to http://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/.

About Michele Nealon, Psy.D.

Dr. Michele Nealon is president of The Chicago School, one of the most successful non-profit professional graduate and undergraduate universities in the nation. With campuses across the country, The Chicago School trains nearly 6,000 students every year from more than 30 countries in the fields of psychology, health sciences, and nursing. Dr. Nealon has spent her career ensuring that underserved populations receive the mental health care they need. Her clinical experience includes work with diverse groups of people in a variety of settings including inpatient, outpatient, community mental health, forensic, and academic. Under Dr. Nealon’s direction, The Chicago School has taken a leadership position to tackle some of the most distressing and challenging issues of today, including homelessness, adolescent suicide, and healthcare disparity.

About The Chicago School

Integrating theory with hands-on experience, The Chicago School provides education rooted in a commitment to innovation, service, and community for thousands of diverse students across the United States and globally. Founded in 1979, the nonprofit, regionally accredited university now features campuses in iconic locations across the country (Chicago, Southern California, Washington, D.C., New Orleans, Dallas) and online. To spark positive change in the world where it matters most, The Chicago School has continued to expand its educational offerings beyond the field of psychology to offer more than 35 degrees and certificates in the professional fields of health services, nursing, education, counseling, business, and more.

Through its engaged professional model of education, commitment to diversity and inclusion, and an extensive network of domestic and international professional partnerships, The Chicago School’s students receive real-world training opportunities that reflect their future careers. The Chicago School is also a proud affiliate of The Community Solution, a nonprofit system of colleges advancing student success and community impact. To learn more, visit www.thechicagoschool.edu.

MEDIA CONTACT:
Lisa Riley
lriley@thechicagoschool.edu
312.646.9130

https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/news/we-can-solve-the-homeless-crisis-heres-how/

School, The Chicago. “We Can Solve the Homeless Crisis. Here’s How.” Insight Digital Magazine, 2 July 2021, https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/news/we-can-solve-the-homeless-crisis-heres-how/.

DMU Timestamp: February 26, 2025 22:37

“Solutions.” National Alliance to End Homelessness, https://endhomelessness.org/ending-homelessness/solutions/. Accessed 7 Mar. 2025.https://endhomelessness.org/ending-homelessness/solutions/

Creating Systems That Work

Updated April 2023.

To end homelessness, a community-wide coordinated approach to delivering services, housing, and programs is needed.

What is a coordinated systems approach?

To address homelessness, communities should take a coordinated approach, moving from a collection of individual programs to a community-wide response that is strategic and data driven. Communities that have adopted this approach use data about the needs of those experiencing homelessness to inform how they allocate resources, services, and programs.

The following are key elements of a coordinated systems approach:

Coordinated Entry

Coordinated entry, also known as coordinated assessment or coordinated intake, is a process designed to quickly identify, assess, refer and connect people in crisis to housing and assistance, no matter where they show up to ask for help. It can pave the way for more efficient homeless assistance systems by:

Helping people move through the system faster to housing;
Reducing new entries into homelessness by consistently offering prevention and diversion resources upfront; and
Improving data collection and quality and providing accurate information on what kind of assistance consumers need.

Planning

Establishing a plan helps communities set goals and conceptualize what they should prioritize. A plan can include goals, a process and timeline for meeting those goals, and mechanisms for evaluating progress. Planning also brings providers, government officials, Continuum of Care leads and funders together to address topics such as how to identify needs of the population, decide on the structure of coordinated assessment, integrate prevention and shelter diversion resources, map out existing assessment and intake processes and sketch out preliminary needs assessment and screening tools.

Collecting and Examining Local Data

Data collection efforts have advanced considerably in the past few decades and have opened up new opportunities and insight into homelessness in America. Collecting data and using it to inform decisions, locally and nationally, is critical to addressing homelessness.

A Shared Data System

A Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) is a local information technology system used to collect client, program, and system-level data on the provision of housing and services to homeless individuals and families and persons at risk of homelessness. Each Continuum of Care is responsible for operating an HMIS system according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Data Standards.

There are many benefits to a common and shared data system. From a client-level perspective, it contributes to a more seamless process of matching individuals, youth and families with the right resources. It can also make the comprehensive analysis of a community’s homeless system possible, which is critical to assessing incomes and ultimately improving practice and performance.

Performance Measurement and Evaluation

Performance measures can be used by communities to examine progress and to assess what steps they should be taking to further reduce homelessness. HUD has developed system-level performance measures to help communities gauge their progress in preventing and ending homelessness.

How A Coordinated Systems Approach Can End Homelessness

To end homelessness, a coordinated systems approach is needed. This approach requires using local data to inform decisions about how to most effectively allocate resources, services, and programs to best address the needs of those experiencing homelessness in the community.

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Rapid Re-Housing

a door knob with a key

Rapid re-housing can end homelessness by quickly connecting people to a home and services.

What is Rapid Re-Housing?

Rapid re-housing provides short-term rental assistance and services. The goals are to help people obtain housing quickly, increase self- sufficiency, and stay housed. It is offered without preconditions (such as employment, income, absence of criminal record, or sobriety) and the resources and services provided are typically tailored to the needs of the person.

Learn about the core components of rapid re-housing: housing identification, rent and move-in assistance, and rapid re-housing case management and services.

How Rapid Re-Housing Can End Homelessness

Rapid re-housing is a primary solution for ending homelessness. It has been demonstrated to be effective in getting people experiencing homelessness into permanent housing and keeping them there. By connecting people with a home, they are in a better position to address other challenges that may have led to their homelessness, such as obtaining employment or addressing substance abuse issues. The intervention has also been effective for people traditionally perceived to be more difficult to serve, including people with limited or no income and survivors of domestic violence.

Research demonstrates that those who receive rapid re-housing assistance are homeless for shorter periods of time than those assisted with shelter or transitional housing. Rapid re-housing is also less expensive than other homeless interventions, such as shelter or transitional housing.

_____________________________________________________

Permanent Supportive Housing

Updated April 2023.

Updated April 2023.

Permanent supportive housing is a proven solution to homelessness for the most vulnerable chronically homeless people. It pairs housing with case management and supportive services.

What Is Permanent Supportive Housing?

Permanent supportive housing is an intervention that combines affordable housing assistance with voluntary support services to address the needs of chronically homeless people. The services are designed to build independent living and tenancy skills and connect people with community-based health care, treatment and employment services.

How Permanent Supportive Housing Can End Chronic Homelessness

Investments in permanent supportive housing have historically helped decrease the numbers of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. In addition to ending homelessness for people who are chronically homeless, research has demonstrated that permanent supportive housing can increase housing stability and improve health.

Permanent supportive housing is a cost-effective solution, shown to lower public costs associated with the use of crisis services such as shelters, hospitals, jails and prisons.

DMU Timestamp: March 06, 2025 22:08

The History of Homelessness in America – The HomeMore Project. https://thehomemoreproject.org/the-history-of-homelessness-in-america/. Accessed 13 Mar. 2025. https://thehomemoreproject.org/the-history-of-homelessness-in-america/

The History of Homelessness in America

September 18, 2022

  
  
  




  
  The term “homelessness” was first used in America in the 1870s.
  







  
  In the McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act, homelessness is referred to as the condition where people lack a “fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence.”
  







  
  According to the Texas Homeless Network, the 1640s “mark the earliest documented instances of unhoused people surviving in America.”
  







  
  Today, there are approximately half a million people facing homelessness across America.
  







  
  Here is a timeline of how homelessness has changed over the years and how American leaders have reacted to the issue of homelessness.

1600-1700s: The Beginning

The earliest cases of homelessness in America were documented in the 1640s. In 1734, the first poor house opened in New York City, serving as homeless shelters as well as mental institutions and jails.

1800s: Initial Treatment to Those Who Faced Homelessness

The industrial revolution of the 1820s caused a large number of people to move to the Northeast, increasing the amount of people experiencing homelessness as they sought for work. In response, cities created laws that banned loitering and panhandling as well as begging in the streets. Furthermore, police departments would round up those who were homeless and put them in jails overnight. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which was the first major federal legislation to create mass homelessness.

1930s: The Effects from the Great Depression

The Great Depression and natural disasters led to a monumental increase in homelessness and unemployment in America. As a result, the New Deal was created in 1933, which created programs to build wealth for Americans and reduce the homeless population. The New Deal helped put an end to the Great Depression by stabilizing prices and paving a way for Americans to find jobs; however, African Americans were excluded from most New Deal programs. Black populations were also prohibited from accessing public benefits, and Black homes and businesses were actively displaced for the intention of urban renewal. The Texas Homeless Network states that “these discriminatory practices paved the way for African Americans’ overrepresentation in homeless populations today.”

1960-1990s: Homelessness Worsens

During this time, mental hospitals, community-based housing and support resources were deinstitutionalized. This resulted in homelessness for tens of thousands of Americans who utilized those resources. In 1968, the Fair Housing Act was passed to outlaw housing discrimination; however, it was never fully enforced. Continuous housing discrimination and gentrification caused people of color, specifically Black and Native Americans, to be at higher risk of homelessness. Furthermore, during the 1980s, the HIV/AIDS epidemic caused an increase in the amount of people experiencing homelessness. According to Jeff Olivet in his article A Brief Timeline of Race and Homelessness in America, there was an 80% reduction in federal investments for public housing, along with cuts to other social safety net programs, resulting in a spike in homelessness and laying the groundwork for the contemporary homelesness epidemic.

2000-2010s: Change Begins

In the early 2000’s, federal, national and local initiatives began to address homelessness and adopted practices to prevent homelessnesss. However, unhoused people of color were not the central focus and were heavily overlooked. Nevertheless, in 2010, the issue of homelessness and racism was addressed by Jeff Olivet and Marc Dones from the Center for Social Innovation, who gave speeches on the problem at national and statewide conferences. Furthermore, blogs and podcasts surrounding homeless people of color were spread. In 2016, the Supporting Partnerships for Anti-Racist Communities was launched, which is a multi-city initiative on race and homelessness. The U.N. Committee was given reports on racial discrimination in housing. Later, there was a White House briefing on homeless youth in America with an emphasis on racial equity. This prompted programs such as the National Alliance to End Homelessness, Funders Together to End Homelessness, the National Health Care for the Homeless Council and more to begin their work and center on racial equity and homelessness. In 2010, a federal strategic plan to end homelessness was released under President Obama’s administration, which sought to end chronic homelessness and homelessness among veterans, families, and youth within 10 years.

2010-Present: Where we are now

In 2019, a group of national partners began strategizing how to prevent and end homelessness, continuing to focus on racial equity. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, Biden signed the American Rescue Plan, which invests $5 billion for the development of “affordable housing, tenant-based rental assistance, supportive services, and acquisition and development of non-congregate shelter units” to help those experiencing homelessness.

Homelessness has been a pressing issue in America and was not dealt with properly in the past. Only recently has change begun. While there is a lot of work to be done, with more people aware of the issue and insisting on change, homelessness will dissipate and millions of lives will change for the better.

Sources:

https://community.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-Brief-Timeline-of-Race-and-Homelessness-in-America-March-2019.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519584/

https://www.thn.org/2021/08/13/history-of-homelessness/

DMU Timestamp: March 12, 2025 01:37

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:37PM) : These foundations could provide a long-term solution, which is preferable to current short-term solutions since there will be a permanent foundation and other issues can be focused on more (surrounding homelessness).

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:43PM) : That's 40% of people, getting to almost half of all homeless individuals. There's only so much room our shelters can provide.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:39PM) : All people deserve to have good sanitation and conditions, but these standards vary from state to state which makes it more difficult to enforce (especially with how vast the issue is).

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:42PM) : Mental health is significant when it comes to homelessness, especially for those who can't afford or access these services. In my time serving, there are also a lot of people who are elderly or physically/mentally disabled who need mental help badly.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:40PM) : As someone who's served in many homeless shelters, it's difficult to know how many people sign up and how many actually show up. This concerning lack of volunteers makes it more difficult to serve the hundreds of people who come to these shelters.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:52PM) : This is an especially important strategy. Discrimination and systematic bias are especially important to look at because certain groups end up in homelessness more then others and this is problematic, especially since this treatment is a reflection on more

our history.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:53PM) : Universalism is a good thing to consider, but it's also important to consider the separate individuals, who all have different needs.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 3:54PM) : This is good to consider for various shelters. If a certain shelter is a men's, women's, or family shelter for example, the various groups of people will require different needs.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 4:33PM) : Help for families is often overlooked, so this is especially important considering the wealth gap and how families will be able to afford basic needs.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 4:39PM) : Natural disasters have certainly impacted the issue of homelessness, especially since mass numbers of people have lost their homes.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 4:33PM) : If the government systems (state and federal) can work on this together, there will be more progress.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 4:40PM) : If we allow people to have multiple opportunities, it improves both their housing opportunities and the opportunities of others.

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Feb 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 13 2025 4:41PM) : It's good to review housing programs since some of their practices might be outdated or dangerous.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:45PM) : It's estimated around 150 million people worldwide are homeless – around 2% of the global population. But the actual number could be much higher, because there are many states of homelessness – and many causes, too.

Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:46PM) : It's terrible to think homelessness is a much bigger issue than on the surface. What is the government doing about it, and has it been covering up the truth about homelessness?

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:47PM) : This is what we need, not just providing a home, but also rehabilitation. I don't think that's a priority in American culture because of the emphasis on self reliance and independence.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:48PM) : We take advantage of the baristas and waiters who help serve our food. But we also think it can just be replaced as a job, when there are both people in need of the work and customers who need the human interaction.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:50PM) : Training courses are also great, although it costs money and time to make a good class. Many student and adult volunteers could help these classes thrive.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:51PM) : More than half a million people? What are we doing wrong? How are so many people left without a proper shelter?

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:50PM) : This sentence speaks for itself.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:52PM) : People need a place of support before they can improve themselves. For many who struggle with mental or physical health, this is especially challenging and should be acknowledged in our country.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:53PM) : That's a lot of pressure on people to solve the problem. This also brings up the possible homelesness plight for everyday citizens and newly arrived immigrants.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:54PM) : Channeling money is good, but the issue of homelessness is a systematic issue. The way we see homelessness is a cultural issue, as we prefer to see homeless people in one light or the other. We also instill a huge importance on independence that we forget more

how much other people need help.

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Feb 28

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Feb 28 2025 1:54PM) : That's exactly what the second article said about Finland's policies!

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:37PM) : This is especially important to consider since not all homeless individuals will have documents or ways to receive mail. Having a collective effort can reach the problem even further.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:37PM) : Planning can help break a repetitive cycle, but instilling a plan is easier said then done, especially with the many obstacles possible.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:39PM) : Online sources can help out with collecting data, but AI might hinder efforts because it's not the most accurate place to go to for information.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:40PM) : This could also result in more career opportunities for people.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:39PM) : Does keeping track of progress really help the homeless? If so, what standards of improvement would be set? Are some of those standards unfair or inapplicable to certain situations?

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:41PM) : That's easier said then done, especially since people need to find homes, and be able to serve as many people as possible while also providing the right amount of space needed to live. There are also social issues concerning the location of the homeless a more

d a bias against them. Many people would not be happy about this new change.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:42PM) : Sadly, shelter housing isn't the most reliable. There's only a certain number of rooms, and a person can't always rely on getting one.

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Mar 7

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 07 2025 1:43PM) : Support is an important factor our country forgets. For example, in source 2, countries like Scotland and Finland are providing permanent, supportive housing. Compare that to the U.S's situation, which is basically 'work hard enough and maybe we'll provid more

you a home.’

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:16PM) : That's much longer than I thought.

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:17PM) : Not only is homelessness linked to systemic racism, but it's also got a history behind it that still hurts people today (ex. The Indian Removal Act and Housing Segregation in the 1900's)

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:19PM) : What long term solutions can be implemented so more African Americans can receive better job opportunities and housing opportunities? Does displacement still continue to be an issue in this nation, even with the steps forward that we've made?

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:21PM) : It's interesting that those who are most likely to be homeless (those in minority groups and the mentally ill) have also endured a long history of discrimination by the 'nation of opportunity'. This is problematic, because homelessness links to the bigger more

problems of our society and who is left behind rather then helped. It also shows bias, even with the steps of progress the United States has made.

How do other countries’ rates of homelessness look? Are there patterns similar to the U.S’s homelessness rate?

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:24PM) : Racism has played a large role in our young country. That isn't to say older countries haven't discriminated against other groups, but America is known as the land of opportunity and a young country that can change. Yet, we as Americans choose not to.

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:26PM) : Wouldn't it make more sense to give permanent housing to individuals so they have a safe reliable place to go to? Shelters can only offer so many rooms, and people are routine creatures. They need to know they will be protected and given their basic needs more

. Otherwise, people can’t improve nor keep their information safe. Yes, in the short-term, it will cost more money. In the long-term, however, shelters can gain more support and reliable systems means being able to build up one’s life.

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Mar 13

2025 Alex D 2025 Alex D (Mar 13 2025 12:27PM) : How is homelessness going to affect my generation and the next? Will there be a steady increase in homelessness over the next twenty years, and if so, what solutions can America bring to help out?

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